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Hillary Wins New Hampshire, or did she?Views: 1352
Jan 09, 2008 4:21 pmHillary Wins New Hampshire, or did she?#

-=Topper=-

Hillary victory tainted by vote fraud claims

Wed, 01/09/2008 - 14:19 - Staff Writer
 
Hillary Clinton's victory celebrations in New Hampshire were short lived after Internet bloggers uncovered that the former first lady did better in precincts where the votes were counted by the much maligned Diebold voting machines, whereas in precincts where votes were hand counted, her rival Barack Obama was the clear winner.

Illinois Senator vying to become the first black President of the United States has already conceded victory and congratulated Clinton, but the blogosphere is buzzing with allegations of vote fraud directed at the Clinton camp.

Obama garnered 38.7% of the hand counted votes to Clinton's 36.2%, but Diebold machines gave Clinton 40.7% of the vote against Obama's 36.2%.

Bloggers have highlighted the fact that the candidate placed second from each method got exactly 36.2% of the vote.

They also point out that ppinion polls before the election placed Obama firmly in front in the Democrat race, with a 13 percentage point lead over Clinton.

81% of New Hampshire ballots were counted in secrecy by Diebold Election Systems, which was recently renamed Premier.

The ethical hacker Harri Hursti, who demonstrated how easy it was to crack Diebold optical scans in Leon County, Florida, testifying on September 19 before the New Hampshire legislature explaining significant vulnerabilities requiring urgent mitigations.

Election watchdog BlackBoxVoting.org provided video evidence showing that the company programming the machines, LHS Associates, and the company's president John Silver trying to discredit Hursti during the hearing.

New Hampshire used Diebold version 1.94w optical scan machines, the same model that was successfully cracked by Hursti.

But Clinton supporters dismissed the allegations pointing out that the Diebold machines were mostly used in urban areas, and that urban women were more likely to want to see a women becoming the President of the United States for the first time in history.

http://presscue.com/node/38170



 

 

Private Reply to -=Topper=-

Jan 09, 2008 6:48 pmre: Hillary Wins New Hampshire, or did she?#

Danielle (Dani) Cutler
haha! Ray called it!

Well, Diebold doesn't see a party line, so this is just as plausible as tweaking the votes for Bush.

Definitely worth keeping an eye on...

Dani

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Private Reply to Danielle (Dani) Cutler

Jan 10, 2008 12:17 amre: re: Hillary Wins New Hampshire, or did she?#

John James O'Brien
Why on earth would anybody be using those again?

Private Reply to John James O'Brien

Jan 10, 2008 7:04 amre: re: re: Hillary Wins New Hampshire, or did she?#

Frederick A. Babb
Here we have two scenarios...Is Hillary willing to win at any cost? Or are people willing to call victories corrupt instead of graciously accepting defeat each time their candidate doesn't win?

Private Reply to Frederick A. Babb

Jan 10, 2008 8:54 amre: re: re: re: Hillary Wins New Hampshire, or did she?#

-=Topper=-

Doubt is uncomfortable, certainty is ridiculous. - Voltaire

We know the facts, and we know the possibilities and we have the proof.

What are we left with?

Something plausible.



 

 

Private Reply to -=Topper=-

Jan 10, 2008 2:59 pmre: Hillary Wins New Hampshire, or did she?#

Danielle (Dani) Cutler
Fred I don't think it's about being a sore loser. There are just too many inconsistancies.  And these inconsistancies only seem to come up when Diebold machines are involved. Exit polls have never been this far off before.  Don't you find that odd?
Dani
 
Other Pre-Election Numbers, For Republicans and Rest of Dems, Nearly Dead on the Money...

[UPDATED several times at end of article, and still developing with new updates...]

I'm not sure why Obama would have conceded so soon, given the virtually inexplicable turn of events in New Hampshire tonight.

What's going on here? Before proceeding, I recommend you read the third section of the post I just ran an hour or so ago, concerning the way the ballots are counted in New Hampshire, largely on Diebold optical-scan voting systems, wholly controlled and programmed by a very very bad company named LHS Associates.

Those Diebold op-scan machines are the exact same ones that were hacked in the HBO documentary, Hacking Democracy. See the previous report, as I recommend, which also includes a video of that hack, and footage of the guy who runs LHS Associates.

That said, the the pre-election pollster's numbers (NOTE: that's not Exit Polls, but Pre-Election Polls!) were dead-on, for the most part, on the Republican side, as well as on the Democratic side. Except in the do-or-die (for Hillary) Clinton v. Obama race. I'm watching MSNBC right now, and they all seem to agree that the results, for the moment, defy explanation.

I concur.

Here's a screenshot of a round up of all of the latest polls from RealClearPolitics.com tonight, and more, to get an idea of the serious concerns here...

They were all not just wrong, but wildly wrong. But only for the Clinton/Obama race.

For a closer look, here's Zogby's predicted numbers, for both the Republicans and Democrats:

And here are the latest numbers from the MSNBC website (the numbers seem to be identical over at CNN and elsewhere):

As you'll note, the numbers in Zogby's latest polls, for all but Clinton and Obama, seem to have been dead-on the money for both the Republicans and Democrats. Edwards, for example, was polled at 17% in Zogby's poll, and he received exactly 17% in the MSNBC numbers, with 63% of precincts reporting. So are we to believe that only those voters who preferred Obama previously, decided to change to Hillary at the last minute? I suppose so.

This election was regarded as do-or-die for Clinton, after most in the media had already written her off after her "thumpin'" in Iowa. But Tim Russert just agreed with Brokaw and Matthews that "this was the most stunning upset in the history of politics."

They are already grasping for reasons that this happened: the crying; she found her voice; the women turned out; oldline Dems showed up, etc. All reminiscent, if you ask me, of "the evangelicals who turned out at the very last minute to vote for Bush in 2004" as the Exit Poll apologists wrote in what would become conventional wisdom at the time. (Where did they get that info? The Exit Polls, they'll tell you. The same ones that they will also tell you were wildly wrong on every other count, apparently.)

Olbermann just called it "a titanic upset victory" for Clinton.

So, with another nod to the third section of the article I posted earlier here tonight, what's going on here?

While I have no evidence at this time --- let me repeat, no evidence at this time --- of chicanery, what we do know is that chicanery, with this particular voting system, is not particularly difficult. Particularly when one private company --- and a less-than-respectable one at that, as I detailed in the previous post --- runs the entire process.

I should also note that some 40% of New Hampshire's precincts are hand-counted, which equals about 25% of the votes. All the rest are counted on hackable Diebold op-scan systems, with completely hackable memory cards, all programmed and managed by LHS Associates. As Bev Harris of BlackBoxVoting.org who seems to share my concern, says, LHS is the "chain of custody" in New Hampshire elections.

Other folks that I've spoken to, who follow this sort of thing, share my concern at this hour. Harris noted that it will be interesting to compare numbers of the hand-counted precincts with those counted on the hackable Diebold op-scan systems.

If I was Barack Obama, I'd certainly not have conceded this election this quickly. I'm not quite sure what he was thinking. And as far as offering an indication of whether he understands how these systems work, and the necessity of making sure that votes are counted, and counted accurately, it does not offer a great deal of confidence at this hour.

I'm trying to get in touch with his campaign, to let them know of these concerns. I hope you'll feel free to let them know as well, if any of you happen to be in touch with them, or a part of the campaign. I will, of course, be happy to discuss these concerns with them if they wish to call.

As mentioned, the numbers referred to above are not Exit Polls. They are Pre-Election Polls which are far less reliable than Exit Polls. So, if anybody knows where any decent Exit Polling data is, we'd appreciate it if you linked it in comments below...


UPDATE 9:18pm PT: This AP report includes information, said to be based on data from the Exit Polls. It indicates that the independents in NH, who may vote in either the R or D primary, voted mostly D, and were breaking for Obama. AP claims, however, that the same data show that Clinton's strength with women "offset that"...

Early exit poll data indicated six in 10 independents opted for the Democratic contest and Obama led among them, but Clinton's advantage among women offset that.
...
The results are from exit polls Tuesday in 50 precincts around New Hampshire for The Associated Press and television networks by Edison Media Research and Mitofsky International. The Democratic primary survey interviewed 1,800 voters, the Republican primary poll 1,301. The sampling error margin was plus or minus 4 percentage points for each exit poll.

Note: the Exit Pollsters used here were Mitofsky/Edison, the same ones who ran the infamous Exits in 2004 showing that, in state after state, Kerry should have won. They also later said their own polling was completely wrong (which is disputed strongly by statistics experts such as U. of Pennsylvania Prof. Steven F. Freeman Ph.D.) So, it's lovely that AP and the TV nets hired them again...

UPDATE 9:40pm PT: While the talking heads are trying to figure out what happened here on MSNBC, Eugene Robinson of the Washington Post, while paging through a stack of papers said to be Exit Poll data, just said: "Of those who made up their mind in the last three days, there was a slight favoring for Obama. If there was a huge difference in a move to Hillary, in the last three days, it doesn't seem to be reflected in the Exit Polling."

UPDATE 9:48pm PT: Olbermann repeated what Russert had said earlier, that Obama's internal polls showed him winning by 14%, Clinton's internal polls had Obama winning by 11%.

The effect of Obama being an African-American, the so-called "Bradley Effect", is now being discussed as the newest "reason" to explain the numbers. Though it's noted that it didn't effect Harold Ford in TN in '06, or even Obama in Iowa just five days ago.

(ADDED: Josh Holland from Alternet points out via email, correctly, concerning my point about the "Bradley Effect" not coming into play in Iowa: "The 'Bradley effect' would not work in an open caucus, where everyone can see whom everyone else is supporting. The theory requires the privacy of a voting booth." He's correct. Thanks for pointing that out! --- BF)

(FURTHER ADDED, from BRAD BLOG reader MG: "Call me old fashioned, but aren't Brad and Josh Holland forgetting that the "Bradley effect" requires a conflict between party loyalty and (unconscious or at least conflicted) racial bigotry. When some DEMOCRATS are polled, they feel obliged to say that they will vote for Democrat Bradley for Governor, but within the privacy of the polling booth they can indulge their racial fears by (thank heaven!) voting for a White Republican. The necessary conflict between party and bigotry does not occur in the context of a within-party primary, hence the Bradley effect is not operating here, and the Iowa caucus can be taken at face value of further evidence of this fact. Those Democrats vulnerable to the Bradley effect would in pre-polling opt for Hilary because she is "more experienced" and the Bradley effect would never come in to play.")

UPDATE 11:06pm PT: As we know, the presumption is always that the polls were wrong. Never the results. Despite how much less transparent the system used to count votes is than the system used to collect polling data. With that in mind, Matthew Yglesias at The Atlantic, makes the following point, in a post headlined "How Wrong Were the Polls?", suggesting that the only numbers that changed here were Clinton's. She surged. Everyone else, even Obama who just had an historic victory in Iowa five days ago, did not...

polls.png

Commenter Brian makes an observation "No one is talking about how the polls actually nailed Obama's number. Obama didn't lose this election. He stayed steady and Hillary surged ahead." That seems to be true. Here's a chart comparing the actual results to the most recent Pollster.com current standard estimate polling average.

Just as Brian says, the difference between the Obama poll level and the Obama vote total level seems to just be your basic statistical variance. The pollsters underestimated Clinton's level of support. People who were undecided as of the last round of polling seem to have gone overwhelmingly in her direction.

So where did her votes come from, if Exit Polling data showed, as mentioned by MSNBC above, that last minute deciders broke evenly, and even a bit more for Obama??

UPDATE 1/9/08, 12:49am PT: Bev Harris offers this very useful information in comments below. Worth elevating the key points up here to the original post:

New Hampshire, for the Democrats, was the exact opposite of Iowa. They used one of the worst voting systems in America and then handed programming of every memory card in New Hampshire over to a private outfit run by John Silvestro.

First order of business needs to be examining the published precinct results and comparing the hand count locations to the optical scam locations.

The results web site does not make this easy. You have to hover your mouse over each one of about 250 municipalities and then take a screen grab and then type it into a spreadsheet.

So far, no one I know has completed that task.

Here is the site with the municipality results:
http://www.politico.com/...imaries/nhmap-popup.html

Here is a comma delimited data file I created with the municipalities and whether they are hand counted or opscam:
http://www.bbvdocs.org/N...-08-votingsystems-NH.txt

I took the information from the NH Sec State site. A few of the locations do not have the voting system specified; if they have a low population, they are probably hand count.

Whoever gets the handcount vs opscam spreadsheet done gets two points. The tools are in the two links above.

Additionally, BeeSting then makes our night, with a pointer to this Ron Paul website, which lists all of the precinct results, and how each one of them was counted (by hand, or by Diebold/LHS Associaties/John Silverstro).

Thank you BeeSting and Bev both! Looks like we'll have lots to learn in the morning...

UPDATE 1/9/08 1:40am PT: Last update for the night. I hope. A quick note on all of this.

Over at Daily Kos, diarist "AHiddenSaint" has written a post quoting, and linking over to this one, by way of sharing his/her concerns about the NH results.

The result: an embarrassing thread of comments, smashing up AHiddenSaint for posting something that the dKos commenters feel is little more than "conspiracy theory". Foolishly (for them), they have taken a sentence from the original post, in which I noted that I "have no evidence at this time --- of chicanery," to wonder why I would therefore write such a post at all. Their claim: that I am some how charging that Clinton stole the election.

I have made no such claim. In fact, if there was skullduggery here, there are plenty of reasons to believe it could have been committed by any number of interested parties, who have nothing to do with the Clinton campaign.

Daily Kos, of course,

is a Clinton-centric website, which, more disturbingly, (see NOTE below) purged diaries and diarists after the 2004 Ohio election, if they were judged to be questioning what went on there. I spoke to Markos (the site's founder) about that, when we were at a conference together in Vegas last Summer. He stills stands by his decision to purge those folks. That, despite so much that has come out since '04 to show that what happened was a travesty of democracy. As I told him then, he owes his readers an apology. He did add, however, that he has someone ("Georgia10") who now cover issues of Election Integrity on their front page.

The result of his purge, is the mindset of the commenters now seen over there. It seems to me they are are begging for a world of hurt, someday, when their candidate doesn't win, under questionable circumstances. They will, of course, have cornered themselves such that they won't be able to ask questions themselvses. In the bargain, they are now fostering a culture of fear. Fear of asking questions. Fear of insisting that our democracy be transparent, of the people, by the people and for the people. If it were only themselves they were hurting by fostering that culture, I wouldn't give a damn. But rest assured, their comments, actions and attitudes will be leveraged, as we move forward, to hurt all of us.

For the record, I am neither a Clinton supporter nor an Obama supporter (nor a supporter of anyone else in the race at this time, in any party.) I am a supporter of the VOTERS. Period. It's they --- us --- who could really use some support right about now. I intend to do exactly that. All damned year. No matter how many "tin foil hats" the shortsighted, self-destructive Kossack types, who are behaving like the worst of the Republicans, try to throw at me.

That's a promise. 'Night.

[NOTE: I have removed the accusation that dKos is "Clinton-centric", after objections from several Kossacks who point out that Hillary has scored poorly in online reader surveys there. While I stand by the belief that Markos and his site, generally support the ideals of Clinton and the Democratic party as a whole, apparently the "Clinton-centric" label is seen as inaccurate by those who know the site best. So I'm happy to retract that statement, as I have in the above update, since it's largely a side note to the point I was trying to make above. Apologies for the distraction there.]

UPDATE 1/9/08 5:21pm PT: The mainstream media joins us in our concerns. Finally. Tribune Media Services columnist Bob Koehler writes in tomorrow's syndicated column:

First of all, before we get too enthusiastic about feminist solidarity or wax knowingly about New Hampshire Democrats’ traditional soft-heartedness toward the Clinton family, let’s ponder yet again the possibility of tainted results, which is such an unfun prospect most of the media can’t bear to remember that all the problems we’ve had with electronic voting machines — and Diebold machines in particular, which dominate New Hampshire polling places — remain unsolved.
...
So when [Clinton] emerged from the Tuesday primary with an 8,000-vote and 3-percentage-point victory over Obama, perhaps — considering the notorious unreliability, not to mention hackability, of Diebold machines — the media might have hoisted a few red flags in the coverage, rather than immediately chalk the results up to Clinton’s tears and voter unpredictability. (Oh, if only more reporters considered red flags patriotic.)

Much more on this, and the media's embarrassing inability to even note the "red flags" here, even after years of one example after another of these very Diebold voting systems used in NH being shown as manipulatable, prone to error, etc.

Much more from Koehler here...

UPDATE 1/9/08, 8:47pm PT: New docs show LHS executive plead guilty to narcotics trafficking. Details now here...

UPDATE 1/10/08, 1:47am PT: 7 Point Swing for Clinton Over Obama in NH's Diebold Precincts. Details now here...

UPDATE 1/10/08, 2:47am PT: Chris Matthews: Raw EXIT POLL Data 'Indicated Significant Victory' for Obama in NH. Details now here...

FINAL UPDATE HERE, 1/10/08 3:17am PT: Special Coverage Item, with an index of all the notable BRAD BLOG coverage of New Hampshire, now posted here.... That's the item to check for any newer stories hereafter.

http://www.bradblog.com/?p=5530



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Private Reply to Danielle (Dani) Cutler

Jan 10, 2008 3:35 pmre: re: Hillary Wins New Hampshire, or did she?#

Frederick A. Babb
"Fred I don't think it's about being a sore loser. There are just too many inconsistancies. And these inconsistancies only seem to come up when Diebold machines are involved. Exit polls have never been this far off before. Don't you find that odd?"

I do...that is why I said we either have one of the two scenarios.

Although, I think my opinion on opinion polls are well stated...they are only as good as the people being polled and only as reliable as the integrity of those doing the polling. Two more factors that can easily provide misguidance.

Private Reply to Frederick A. Babb

Jan 10, 2008 4:03 pmre: re: re: Hillary Wins New Hampshire, or did she?#

L J
I'm not one to call voting officials names, but these DIEBOLD sonovabitches must be stopped.

Video explanation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qV6qAGigGYY

By The AP numbers
http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/nh/nh_primary_gop_results_by_town/

Private Reply to L J

Jan 10, 2008 4:22 pmre: re: re: Hillary Wins New Hampshire, or did she?#

Danielle (Dani) Cutler
Yes, I feel the same way about polls Fred.

However, you have to look at the bigger picture here. There is *some* rhyme and reason to them, otherwise exit polls and such wouldn't be used at all.

So then Diebold machines come into the picture, and now we begin to see inconsistencies.

I just feel it's definitely worth keeping track of. If you haven't seen "Hacking Democracy", I highly recommend it. Diebold did everything they could to keep HBO from airing it. You understand why when you watch it. It's quite frightening how these machines work.

Dani

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Private Reply to Danielle (Dani) Cutler

Jan 10, 2008 5:30 pmAnother possibility#

Danielle (Dani) Cutler


DID "THE BRADLEY EFFECT" BEAT OBAMA IN NEW HAMPSHIRE?...
NASHUA, NH – Barack Obama was supposed to win New Hampshire.

The polls going into Tuesday's New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary had him running ahead of Hillary Clinton by up to 13 points.

Yet, when the returns came in on Tuesday night, Obama lost by three points to fellow Democrat Hillary Clinton.

Were the polls flawed?

Or was it just another instance of The Bradley Effect?

The Bradley Effect refers to an electoral phenomenon first identified in a 1982 California gubernatorial election.

Tom Bradley, the popular mayor of Los Angeles, was the supposed frontrunner in an open race for the state's top job. Polls showed the African-American Democrat running well ahead of white Republican candidate George Deukmejian. Yet, when the returns came in, Bradley lost by more than 50,000 votes.

The result made no sense. The gubernatorial election was one of the few Democratic losses in what was a good year for the party. Bradley was an able politician with a sound record. Analysts took a new look at the polls, which seemed to have been conducted appropriately.

They asked: What are we missing here?

Then they hit on the notion that white voters, not wanting to be thought of as prejudiced against an African-American candidate, had told pollsters they were for Bradley when they had always intended to vote for Deukmejian.

The phenomenon came to be referred to as The Bradley Effect.

It was to be seen again in 1989, when Virginians were electing a new governor. African-American Democrat Doug Wilder held a solid lead over white Republican Marshall Coleman – nine points in some polls. Yet, on election night, results showed him winning by less than one point.

In 1990, when African-American Democrat Harvey Gantt challenged white Republican incumbent Jesse Helms for a North Carolina Senate seat, polls had Gantt ahead by four to six percentage points. On election night, however, Helms prevailed by four points.

Again and again, in elections in the north and south, The Bradley Effect has come into play.

But, skeptical observers will note, there was no evidence of a Bradley effect in last week's Iowa caucuses. Obama led in the polls and he led on election night. What explains this? In Iowa, voting took place in a very public caucus setting where neighbors saw who neighbors backed.

In New Hampshire, as in California in 1982, in Virginia in 1989 and North Carolina in 1990, the presidential primary voting took place in private--behind the curtain of a voting booth. It was possible for voters who had said they were for Obama to cast their ballots for Clinton.

That's how The Bradley Effect works.

And there is good reason to suspect that The Bradley Effect was at work in New Hampshire. This is not to suggest that everyone who decided against voting for Obama was a racist. Nor is the point here that all those likely Democratic primary voters who said they were excited about Obama were lying. Rather, what needs to be understood is that voters in New Hampshire -- like voters in other states -- come to the polls with backgrounds and attitudes toward African-American candidates.

New Hampshire's population boomed in the 1970s and 1980s, when white residents of the Boston area fled north during a period of bitter dispute over busing to achieve racial integration. Many of these people grew up with a charged, racially defined politics that created long-term impressions about whether African-American candidates are electable. Thus, it is entirely possible that voters told pollsters that preferred Barack Obama but did not vote for him because they really did not think he could win in November.

Whatever the precise reasoning, The Bradley Effect offers a credible explanation for why the polls were so very wrong.

It also offers a cautionary note regarding the New Hampshire results and what they mean for the rest of the primary process: If The Bradley Effect was in play in New Hampshire, then Barack Obama may face a greater struggle as he seeks to bridge those rarely-mentioned gaps that remain in a nation that has long been divided along lines of race and class.

It is not merely Obama's struggle, however. It is America's struggle, as well. And Obama's opening remains. If he is ready to wrestle with The Bradley Effect -- and if his campaign is willing to challenge opponents who seek to exploit it with coded questions about "electability" -- Obama might well succeed in opening the American political debate up in a way that has been needed for a very long time.


http://www.thenation.com/blogs/campaignmatters?bid=45&pid=268328

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Private Reply to Danielle (Dani) Cutler

Jan 10, 2008 6:34 pmre: Hillary Wins New Hampshire, or did she - do not adjust your set ...#

James Booth
.
It rather amazes me that we get so distracted as we do ...

The *focus* in my opinion ought to be on whether elections are conducted properly.

According to the law, honestly, fairly, without any tampering, etc.

... yet here we chasing the "opinion poll" rabbit.


Even if a poll questioned every voter who *would* vote before he or she actually voted ...

... the results would not match the actual vote, and asking people after they vote ...

... who they voted for can be more accurately determined by *counting the vote*

Instant gratification supposedly says that we want to know NOW - but what for ?


We can go to CNN and hear all about the *pre-election polling* where "pollsters" are "unlikely to make the same mistake, so it must have been something that happened ..."

DUH and double duh !

What if NH voters were saying "Leave me alone!" and they LIED ?

What earthly *difference* does it make what people *might have* said they would do prior to doing what they did ???


What counts is the *result* of the election !

... so once again we can speculate on "vote fraud" so that we can *discount* it in the process of *seriously considering* the *non-issue* of *pre-election polling* results.

Time to TURN OFF the TV is it not ?

... is what I think : )


JB

Private Reply to James Booth

Jan 10, 2008 8:46 pmre: re: Hillary Wins New Hampshire, or did she - do not adjust your set ...#

Frederick A. Babb
Ok, here is another wrench to throw into the arguement. Way before voting manipulation was the conspriacy topic, remember in 1948?

"1948 - Truman runs against Thomas E. Dewey, the Republican nominee in the 1948 presidential election. The scientific pollsters, including George Gallup, all predicted that Dewey would beat Truman. (Gallup had won a dramatic bet by correctly predicting the outcome of the 1936 election.) Newspapers were so sure the pollsters were right that they printed the headline, "Dewey Beats Truman." But they were wrong.

Truman beat Dewey and the race wasn't even that close (Truman won by 3.5 percentage points). What had gone wrong? The pollsters had stopped polling a week before the election. They thought that people's votes would not change before the election. But in 1948 there were two strong independent candidates whose support eroded away in the last week. By stopping their polling too soon, the pollsters missed this shift away from the third party candidates back to the major parties. Since most of the votes shifted to Truman, he won the election."


http://www.pbs.org/fmc/timeline/e1948election.htm

Private Reply to Frederick A. Babb

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